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Some studies have concluded that there may be increased risk for at least temporary retinal damage with habitual popper use in certain users in a letter to the New England Journal of Medicine, an ophthalmologist described four cases in which recreational users of poppers suffered temporary changes in vision. Isopropyl nitrite poppers may be a cause of maculopathy (eye damage), as reported in France and the United Kingdom. Accidental aspiration of amyl or butyl nitrites may cause lipoid pneumonia. Swallowing poppers (rather than inhaling the vapour) may cause cyanosis, methemoglobinemia, unconsciousness, coma, and complications leading to death.
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The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy reports insignificant hazard associated with inhalation of alkyl nitrites, and British governmental guidance on the relative harmfulness of alkyl nitrites places them among the less harmful of recreational drugs. Side effects of popper abuse include tachycardia, headaches, migraines, dizziness and fainting. Interactions Īlkyl nitrites interact with other vasodilators, such as sildenafil (Viagra), vardenafil (Levitra), and tadalafil (Cialis), to cause a serious decrease in blood pressure, which can cause strokes, and low blood pressure leading to fainting. When these vessels dilate, a further result is an immediate decrease in blood pressure. Smooth muscle surrounds the body's blood vessels and when relaxed causes these vessels to dilate resulting in an immediate increase in heart rate and blood flow throughout the body, producing a sensation of heat and excitement that usually lasts for a couple of minutes.
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Inhaling nitrites relaxes smooth muscles throughout the body, as well as sphincter muscles of the anus and the vagina. This section needs expansion with: a succinct, secondary sourced-statement of the physiologic impact of inhalation of alkyl nitrite-containing poppers.
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A series of interviews conducted in the late 1970s revealed a wide spectrum of users. In the late 1970s Time magazine and The Wall Street Journal reported that popper use among gay men began as a way to enhance sexual pleasure, but "quickly spread to avant-garde heterosexuals". butyl nitrite which is packaged under a variety of trade names in small bottles. The term extended to the drug in any form as well as to other drugs with similar effects, e.g. It was packaged and sold pharmaceutically in fragile glass ampoules wrapped in cloth sleeves which, when crushed or "popped" in the fingers, released the amyl nitrite for inhalation, hence the colloquialism poppers. The poppers "craze" began in the early 1970s in the Gay male community in gay bars, discothèques and bathhouses, marking its prominent presence in gay culture. 20th-century presence in 1960s disco and 1970s gay culture Īlthough amyl nitrite is known for its practical therapeutic applications, the first documented case of recreational use was in 1964. Brunton also found that propyl nitrites had the same effects as well. Butyl nitrites were also documented around the late 1890s by Brunton and despite being found to have generally the same effects as amyl nitrites, they were never used as a clinical alternative to amyl nitrates. Brunton found that amyl nitrites had effects of dilating blood vessels and flushing of the face. It was then administered by direct inhalation of the vapours or inhalation through silk that covered the capsule. This administration process seems to be the origin of the slang term "poppers". The usual administration of these pearls was done by crushing them between the fingers, followed by a popping sound. Īmyl nitrites were originally enclosed in a glass mesh called "pearls". Brunton reasoned that the angina sufferer's pain and discomfort could be reduced by administering amyl nitrite-to dilate the coronary arteries of patients, thus improving blood flow to the heart muscle. Brunton was inspired by earlier work with the same agent, performed by Arthur Gamgee and Benjamin Ward Richardson. Sir Thomas Lauder Brunton, a Scottish physician born in the year of amyl nitrite's first synthesis, documented its clinical use to treat angina pectoris in 1867 when patients experiencing chest pains would experience complete relief after inhalation. The French chemist Antoine Jérôme Balard synthesized amyl nitrite in 1844. This section needs expansion with: a sourced paragraph on the transition from its use in medicine to its use as a recreational drug.